Trials typically incorporate biomarker endpoints such as ER/ER ratios, aromatase activity, plasma isoflavone or polyphenol concentrations, immune cell phenotyping, cytokine panels, oxidative stress markers and microbiome profile which are used to provide mechanistic read-outs of supplement activity and to inform patient stratification approaches (231)
Available online: 182.Hampl S.E., Hassink S.G., Skinner A.C., Armstrong S.C., Barlow S.E., Bolling C.F., Avila Edwards K.C., Eneli I., Hamre R., Joseph M.M., et al
Toxicol Sci 153(1):124136 Muthuraman P, Ramkumar K, Kim DH (2014) Analysis of dose-dependent effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in adipocytes
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 31.Klicek R., Kolenc D., Suran J., Drmic D., Brcic L., Aralica G., Sever M., Holjevac J., Radic B., Turudic T., et al